Lebanon

Following the capture of Syria from the Ottoman Empire by Anglo-French forces in 1918, France received a mandate over this territory and separated out the region of Lebanon in 1920. France granted this area independence in 1943. A lengthy civil war (1975-1990) devastated the country, but Lebanon has since made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater voice in the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions in the government. Since the end of the war, Lebanon has conducted several successful elections. Most militias have been disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended authority over about two-thirds of the country. Hizballah, a radical Shi'a organization listed by the US State Department as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, retains its weapons. During Lebanon's civil war, the Arab League legitimized in the Ta'if Accord Syria's troop deployment, numbering about 16,000 based mainly east of Beirut and in the Bekaa Valley. Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000 and the passage in October 2004 of UNSCR 1559 - a resolution calling for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and end its interference in Lebanese affairs - encouraged some Lebanese groups to demand that Syria withdraw its forces as well. The assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI and 20 others in February 2005 led to massive demonstrations in Beirut against the Syrian presence ("the Cedar Revolution"), and Syria withdrew the remainder of its military forces in April 2005. In May-June 2005, Lebanon held its first legislative elections since the end of the civil war free of foreign interference, handing a majority to the bloc led by Saad HARIRI, the slain prime minister's son. Lebanon continues to be plagued by violence - Hizballah kidnapped two Israeli soldiers in July 2006 leading to a 34-day conflict with Israel. The LAF in May-September 2007 battled Sunni extremist group Fatah al-Islam in the Nahr al-Barid Palestinian refugee camp; and the country has witnessed a string of politically motivated assassinations since the death of Rafiq HARIRI. Lebanese politicians in November 2007 were unable to agree on a successor to Emile LAHUD when he stepped down as president, creating a political vacuum until the election of Army Commander Michel SULAYMAN in May 2008 and the formation of a new cabinet in July 2008.

Lebanon

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria

33 50 N, 35 50 E

Middle East

total: 10,400 sq km

land: 10,230 sq km

water: 170 sq km

about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

total: 454 km

border countries: Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

225 km

territorial sea: 12 nm

Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land

arable land: 16.35%

permanent crops: 13.75%

other: 69.9% (2005)

1,040 sq km (2003)

4.8 cu km (1997)

total: 1.38 cu km/yr (33%/1%/67%)

per capita: 385 cu m/yr (2000)

dust storms, sandstorms

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity

Lebanon

3,971,941 (July 2008 est.)

0-14 years: 26% (male 526,994/female 505,894)

15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,275,021/female 1,380,131)

65 years and over: 7.1% (male 128,002/female 155,899) (2008 est.)

total: 28.8 years

male: 27.6 years

female: 30 years (2008 est.)

1.154% (2008 est.)

17.61 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

NA

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

total: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 25.08 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 19.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

total population: 73.41 years

male: 70.91 years

female: 76.04 years (2008 est.)

1.87 children born/woman (2008 est.)

0.1% (2001 est.)

2,800 (2003 est.)

fewer than 200 (2003 est.)

noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)

adjective: Lebanese

Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians

Muslim 59.7% (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri), Christian 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant), other 1.3%

note: 17 religious sects recognized

Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 87.4%

male: 93.1%

female: 82.2% (2003 est.)

total: 13 years

male: 13 years

female: 13 years (2006)

2.7% (2006)

Lebanon

conventional long form: Lebanese Republic

conventional short form: Lebanon

local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah

local short form: Lubnan

former: Greater Lebanon

republic

name: Beirut

geographic coordinates: 33 52 N, 35 30 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

8 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Aakar, Baalbek-Hermel, Beqaa, Beyrouth, Liban-Nord, Liban-Sud, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye

22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Independence Day, 22 November (1943)

23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989

mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21 with elementary education

chief of state: President Michel SULAYMAN (as of 25 May 2008)

head of government: Prime Minister Fuad SINIORA (since 30 June 2005); Deputy Prime Minister Elias MURR (since April 2005)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and members of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year term (may not serve consecutive terms); election last held 25 May 2008 (next to be held in 2014); the prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly

election results: Michel SULAYMAN elected president; National Assembly vote - 118 for, 6 abstentions, 3 invalidated

unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held in four rounds on 29 May, 5, 12, 19 June 2005 (next to be held in 2009)

election results: percent of vote by group - NA; seats by group - Future Movement Bloc 36; Democratic Gathering 15; Development and Resistance Bloc 15; Free Patriotic Movement 15; Loyalty to the Resistance 14; Qornet Shehwan 6; Lebanese Forces 5; Popular Bloc 4; Tripoli Independent Bloc 3; Kataeb Reform Movement 2; Syrian National Socialist Party 2; Tashnaq 2; Syrian Ba'th Party 1; Democratic Left 1; Democratic Renewal Movement 1; Kataeb Party 1; Nasserite Popular Movement 1; independent 4

four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed)

14 March Coalition: Democratic Gathering Bloc [Walid JUNBLATT, leader of Progressive Socialist Party]; Democratic Left [Ilyas ATALLAH]; Democratic Renewal Movement [Nassib LAHUD]; Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Party [Amine GEMAYEL]; Lebanese Forces [Samir JA'JA]; Tripoli Independent Bloc

8 March Coalition: Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih BERRI, leader of Amal Movement]; Free Patriotic Movement [Michel AWN]; Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc [Mohammad RA'AD] (includes Hizballah Party [Hassan NASRALLAH]); Nasserite Popular Movement [Ussama SAAD]; Popular Bloc [Elias SKAFF]; Syrian Ba'th Party [Sayez SHUKR]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSO]

Independent: Metn Bloc [Michel MURR]; Tashnaq

Hizballah military wing

other: Palestinain militias; Maronite Christians; Sunnis and their militias; Shi'as and their militias

ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

chief of mission: Ambassador Antoine CHEDID

chancery: 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 939-6300

FAX: [1] (202) 939-6324

consulate(s) general: Detroit, New York, Los Angeles

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michele J. SISON

embassy: Awkar, Lebanon; (Awkar facing the Municipality)

mailing address: P. O. Box 70-840, Antelias, Lebanon; from US: US Embassy Beirut, 6070 Beirut Place, Washington, DC 20521-6070

telephone: [961] (4) 542600, 543600

FAX: [961] (4) 544136

three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band

Lebanon

The 1975-90 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. In the years since, Lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from domestic banks. In an attempt to reduce the ballooning national debt, the Rafiq HARIRI government began an austerity program, reining in government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and privatizing state enterprises, but economic and financial reform initiatives stalled and public debt continued to grow despite receipt of more than $2 billion in bilateral assistance at the Paris II Donors Conference. The Israeli-Hizballah conflict in July-August 2006 caused an estimated $3.6 billion in infrastructure damage, and prompted international donors to pledge nearly $1 billion in recovery and reconstruction assistance. Donors met again in January 2007 and pledged over $7.5 billion to Lebanon for development projects and budget support, conditioned on progress on Beirut's fiscal reform and privatization program. Internal Lebanese political tension continues to hamper economic activity, particularly in the tourism and retail sectors.

$42.27 billion (2007 est.)

$24.64 billion (2007 est.)

4% (2007 est.)

$11,300 (2007 est.)

agriculture: 5.1%

industry: 19%

services: 75.9% (2007 est.)

1.5 million

note: in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers (2005 est.)

agriculture: NA%

industry: NA%

services: NA%

20% (2006 est.)

28% (1999 est.)

lowest 10%: NA%

highest 10%: NA%

4.1% (2007 est.)

22% of GDP (2007 est.)

revenues: $6.472 billion

expenditures: $8.35 billion (2007 est.)

186.6% of GDP (2007 est.)

citrus, grapes, tomatoes, apples, vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco; sheep, goats

banking, tourism, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating

NA%

9.183 billion kWh (2005)

fossil fuel: 97.2%

hydro: 2.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

10.58 billion kWh (2005)

0 kWh (2005)

455 million kWh (2005)

0 bbl/day (2005 est.)

106,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)

0 bbl/day (2004)

102,300 bbl/day (2004)

0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

0 cu m (2005 est.)

0 cu m (2005 est.)

0 cu m (2005 est.)

0 cu m (2005)

0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

-$2.634 billion (2007 est.)

$3.445 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

authentic jewelry, inorganic chemicals, miscellaneous consumer goods, fruit and vegetables, tobacco, construction minerals, electric power machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper

Syria 26.1%, UAE 12.2%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (2006)

$10.75 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco, electrical machinery

Syria 12.3%, Italy 8.6%, France 8.4%, US 7.1%, China 5.9%, Germany 5.4%, Saudi Arabia 4.9% (2006)

of the $7.6 billion in grants and loans pledged to Lebanon at the Paris III conference in January 2007, Beirut as of mid-December 2007 had signed agreements for $3 billion, including $1 billion in project financing, $750 million in direct budget support, $750 million in private sector credit, and $285 million in in-kind aid; about $500 million of the $1.7 billion pledged for direct budget support has been disbursed to Lebanon; donors in August 2006 also pledged nearly $1.8 billion in aid to help Lebanon recover from the 2006 Israel-Hizballah war; during the conflict, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait provided $1.5 billion in concessional loans to the Lebanese central bank to maintain confidence in the Lebanese currency. (2005)

$20.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

$31.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

$NA

$NA

$8.279 billion (2006)

Lebanese pound (LBP)

LBP

Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2007), 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003)

calendar year

Lebanon

681,400 (2006)

1.26 million (2007)

general assessment: repair of the telecommunications system, severely damaged during the civil war, now complete

domestic: two wireless networks provide good service; political instability hampers privatization and deployment of new technologies; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership approaching 50 per 100 persons

international: country code - 961; submarine cable link to Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean); coaxial cable to Syria

AM 20, FM 22, shortwave 4 (1998)

2.85 million (1997)

15 (plus 5 repeaters) (1995)

1.18 million (1997)

.lb

5,635 (2007)

22 (2000)

950,000 (2006)

Lebanon

7 (2007)

total: 5

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 1

under 914 m: 1 (2007)

total: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2007)

gas 43 km (2007)

total: 401 km

standard gauge: 319 km 1.435 m

narrow gauge: 82 km 1.050 m

note: rail system became unusable because of damage done during fighting in the 1980s and in 2006 (2006)

total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)

total: 33 ships (1000 GRT or over) 126,744 GRT/135,701 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 13, carrier 12, passenger/cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 2

foreign-owned: 4 (Greece 2, Syria 2)

registered in other countries: 57 (Barbados 1, Cambodia 7, Comoros 4, Cyprus 1, Dominica 1, Egypt 1, Georgia 4, Honduras 1, Italy 1, Liberia 2, Malta 12, Mongolia 2, North Korea 1, Panama 5, St Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Syria 4, unknown 2) (2008)

Beirut, Tripoli

Lebanon

Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army (includes Navy), Air Force (2008)

18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2007)

males age 16-49: 1,106,879

females age 16-49: 1,122,595 (2008 est.)

males age 16-49: 934,828

females age 16-49: 948,327 (2008 est.)

3.1% (2005 est.)

Lebanon

lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978

refugees (country of origin): 405,425 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)); 50,000-60,000 (Iraq)

IDPs: 17,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions); 200,000 (July-August 2006 war) (2007)

cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares in 2002 despite continued significant cannabis consumption; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way to European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption; money laundering of drug proceeds fuels concern that extremists are benefiting from drug trafficking