Syria

Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, France administered Syria until its independence in 1946. The country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawite sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah.

Syria

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey

35 00 N, 38 00 E

Middle East

total: 185,180 sq km

land: 184,050 sq km

water: 1,130 sq km

note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

slightly larger than North Dakota

total: 2,253 km

border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

193 km

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m

highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

arable land: 24.8%

permanent crops: 4.47%

other: 70.73% (2005)

13,330 sq km (2003)

46.1 cu km (1997)

total: 19.95 cu km/yr (3%/2%/95%)

per capita: 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)

dust storms, sandstorms

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2005 est.)

Syria

19,747,586

note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2008 est.)

0-14 years: 36.2% (male 3,679,473/female 3,467,096)

15-64 years: 60.5% (male 6,119,459/female 5,822,376)

65 years and over: 3.3% (male 310,838/female 348,344) (2008 est.)

total: 21.4 years

male: 21.3 years

female: 21.5 years (2008 est.)

2.189% (2008 est.)

26.57 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

NA

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

total: 26.78 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 27.04 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 26.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

total population: 70.9 years

male: 69.53 years

female: 72.35 years (2008 est.)

3.21 children born/woman (2008 est.)

less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

fewer than 500 (2003 est.)

fewer than 200 (2003 est.)

noun: Syrian(s)

adjective: Syrian

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Sunni Muslim 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 79.6%

male: 86%

female: 73.6% (2004 census)

3.9% (1999)

Syria

conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic

conventional short form: Syria

local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah

local short form: Suriyah

former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

republic under an authoritarian military-dominated regime

name: Damascus

geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 30 September

14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus

17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

13-Mar-73

based on a combination of French and Ottoman civil law; Islamic law is used in the family court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy

head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers

election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%

unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 22-23 April 2007 (next to be held in 2011)

election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NPF 172, independents 78

Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president); national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President); Court of Cassation; Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts); local level - Magistrate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Juvenile Courts; Customs Courts; specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes); Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security); Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)

legal parties: National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan QUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSU]; Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL])

opposition parties not legally recognized:: Arab Democratic Socialist Union Party [Hasan Abdul AZIM]; Arab Socialist Movement; Democratic Ba'th Party [Ibrahim MAHKOS]; People's Democratic Party [Riad al TURK]; Revolutionary Workers' Party [Abdul Hafeez al HAFEZ]

Kurdish parties (considered illegal): Kurdish Democratic Front [Abdul Hamid DARWISH] (includes four parties); Kurdish Coordination [Abdul Hakim BASHAR] (includes Azadi Party [Kheirudin MURAD], Future Party [Masha'l TAMMO], Yekity Party [Hasam SALE])

other parties: Nahda Party [Abdul Aziz al MISLET]; Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]

Damascus Declaration National Council [Riyad SEIF, secretary general] (a broad alliance of opposition groups and individuals including: Committee for Revival of Civil Society [Michel KILO, Riyad SEIF], Communist Action Party [Fateh JAMOUS], Kurdish Democratic Alliance, Kurdish Democratic Front, Liberal Nationalists' Movement, National Democratic Front, National Democratic Rally, and Syrian Human Rights Society or HRAS [Fawed FAWUZ]); National Salvation Front (alliance between former Vice President Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, the SMB, and other small opposition groups); Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Sadr al-Din al-BAYANUNI] (operates in exile in London; endorsed the Damascus Declaration, but is not an official member)

ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

chief of mission: Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA

chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313

FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael CORBIN

embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus

mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus

telephone: [963] (11) 3391-4444

FAX: [963] (11) 3391-3999

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design dates to 1980

Syria

The Syrian economy grew by an estimated 3.3% in real terms in 2007 led by the petroleum and agricultural sectors, which together account for about one-half of GDP. Higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary and export receipts. Damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably gasoline and cement, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange - which is set to begin operations in 2009. In October 2007, for example, Damascus raised the price of subsidized gasoline by 20%, and may institute a rationing system in 2008. In addition, President ASAD signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the Central Bank to issue Treasury bills and bonds for government debt. Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment and inflation, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.

$87.09 billion (2007 est.)

$37.76 billion (2007 est.)

3.9% (2007 est.)

$4,500 (2007 est.)

agriculture: 23.6%

industry: 27.5%

services: 48.9% (2007 est.)

5.462 million (2007 est.)

agriculture: 19.2%

industry: 14.5%

services: 66.3% (2006 est.)

9% (2007 est.)

11.9% (2006 est.)

lowest 10%: NA%

highest 10%: NA%

7% (2007 est.)

21.3% of GDP (2007 est.)

revenues: $8.848 billion

expenditures: $11.21 billion (2007 est.)

37.8% of GDP (2007 est.)

wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk

petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, car assembly

2.5% (2007 est.)

34.94 billion kWh (2007 est.)

fossil fuel: 57.6%

hydro: 42.4%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

34 billion kWh (2007 est.)

986 million kWh (2006)

0 kWh (2007 est.)

380,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

229,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

150,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

2.5 billion bbl (2007 est.)

7.8 billion cu m (2007 est.)

4.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)

NA cu m

0 cu m (2007 est.)

240 billion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)

-$2.181 billion (2007 est.)

$10.58 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat

Iraq 29.6%, Lebanon 9.8%, Germany 9.5%, Italy 7.9%, Egypt 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.1%, France 4.9% (2006)

$12.38 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper

Saudi Arabia 12.1%, China 9.1%, Egypt 6.2%, Italy 6.1%, UAE 5.9%, Ukraine 4.9%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.4% (2006)

$213 million (2008 est.)

$6.039 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

$6.465 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

$NA

Syrian pound (SYP)

SYP

Syrian pounds per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)

note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03 are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during 2004-06,

calendar year

Syria

3.243 million (2006)

6.7 million (2007)

general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology

domestic: the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing rapidly and teledensity has reached 25 wireless telephones per 100 persons; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network

international: country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel

AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

4.15 million (1997)

44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)

1.05 million (1997)

.sy

119 (2007)

1 (2000)

1.5 million (2006)

Syria

90 (2007)

total: 26

over 3,047 m: 6

2,438 to 3,047 m: 15

914 to 1,523 m: 3

under 914 m: 2 (2007)

total: 64

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 11

under 914 m: 52 (2007)

7 (2007)

gas 2,794 km; oil 2,000 km (2007)

total: 2,711 km

standard gauge: 2,460 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2006)

total: 94,890 km

paved: 19,073 km

unpaved: 75,817 km (2004)

900 km (not economically significant) (2005)

total: 87 ships (1000 GRT or over) 329,579 GRT/475,102 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 74, carrier 4, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1

foreign-owned: 9 (Jordan 2, Lebanon 4, Romania 3)

registered in other countries: 170 (Barbados 1, Bolivia 2, Cambodia 33, Comoros 5, Cyprus 2, Dominica 2, Georgia 51, Hong Kong 1, Lebanon 2, Libya 2, Malta 5, Mongolia 1, North Korea 2, Panama 25, Sierra Leone 13, Slovakia 2, St Kitts and Nevis 6, St Vincent and the Grenadines 11, unknown 4) (2008)

Latakia, Tartus

Syria

Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Forces (includes Air Defense Command) (2008)

18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (18 months in the Syrian Arab Navy); women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2004)

males age 16-49: 5,251,875

females age 16-49: 4,966,367 (2008 est.)

males age 16-49: 4,242,401

females age 16-49: 4,218,648 (2008 est.)

males age 16-49: 215,734

females age 16-49: 203,106 (2008 est.)

5.9% (2005 est.)

Syria

Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan

refugees (country of origin): 1-1.4 million (Iraq); 522,100 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))

IDPs: 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)

current situation: Syria is a destination and transit country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; a significant number of women and children in the large and expanding Iraqi refugee community in Syria are reportedly forced into commercial sexual exploitation by Iraqi gangs or, in some cases, their families; women from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone are recruited for work in Syria as domestic servants, but some face conditions of involuntary servitude, including long hours, non-payment of wages, withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical or sexual abuse

tier rating: Tier 3 - Syria again failed to report any law enforcement efforts to punish trafficking offenses in 2007; in addition, the government did not offer protection services to victims of trafficking and may have arrested, prosecuted, or deported some victims for prostitution or immigration violations; Syria has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering